Immigrant Question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Immigrant Question - Research Paper Example These are the immigrants from Asia, Africa and South America, the less powerful continents of the world, in terms of finance and geopolitics. These immigrant laborers are paid very low wages and have been reported to become victims of human rights violations many times, in the USA. The companies who employ them have also been accused of being insensitive to environmental concerns as much as they are to humanitarian concerns. This study is an attempt to find the root causes of the immigration problem by linking these two aspects based on a paradigm of sustainable development.Especially, the immigrants from South America have been employed in huge numbers by the multi-national companies which have ventured into mining, farming and railroad industry in the USA (Sheppard and Barnes, 294). What is the factor that made people from the developing world of South America to immigrate to USA (even illegally) facing risks even to their lives and why do they opt for the lower paid jobs and discr iminatory existence in an alien land, is the primary question that has to be addressed in this regard. The one and only logical answer to this question are that they had been deprived of their livelihoods in their native lands. And the cause of this phenomenon easily connects back to the intervention of the US capital in these countries, as will be made clear in the following part of this study. The companies who employ the immigrant workers in the USA have a notorious history of exploiting nature and human resources (Cooke, 52).

Ecological Footprint Analysis Of Iran Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecological Footprint Analysis Of Iran Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays by increasing the population of the world, more than ever we are and should be more concerned about our resources compared to our consumption. If we look at the research we can realize that our consumption is overshooting the Earths natural capacity to product our needs as well as digesting our waste. To evaluate a measurement to study how sustainable countries develop and how much they care about the environment and its capacity some scientists developed a model which is based on a simple question; Do we fit our planet by continuing our current lifestyle? This method is called Ecological Footprint. Definition of Ecological Footprint (EF) The concept of the Ecological Footprint was introduced by Rees (1992) and elaborated by Wackernagel and Rees (1996, 1997) among others. The EF can be compared with the productive biological capacity of the available land and the sea to this population (WWF, 2005). The EF measures the demand for natural resources. For its creators, the EF is a measure of the impact of the population expressed in terms of the appropriate area; it is the surface of ecologically productive territory in the diverse categories (arable lands, pastures, forests, sea and CO2 absorption area), necessary to supply the resources of energy and matter that a population consume and to absorb its wastefulness considering its current technology (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996).One characteristic term of this methodology is the biocapacity or interest from natural capital. Thus, the biocapacity measures the bioproductivity or biological productivity in an area. The average biological productivity of a hectare of the earths productive surface area is called global hectare (GHA) and is used as the common unit of comparison. Bioproductivity is the ability of a biome (e.g., arable land, pasture land, forest land, productive sea) to produce biomass, which is defined as the weight of organic matter, including animals, plants and micro-organism (living and dead), above or below the soil surface. Thus, the biomes have different levels of bioproductivity. Some of it is built or degraded land. Biocapacity is dependent not only on natural conditions but also on prevailing land use (e.g., farming use, forest use). The use of bioproductive area as an aggregate unit is a powerful and resonant means of measuring and communicating environmental impact and sustainability. It is crucial to note that the biocapacity represents the theoretical maximum sustainable capacity for a year. While ecological overshoot by definition reveals the degradation of natural capital, the ecological remainder does not guarantee the sustainability of production. Rather, as the Footprint of production approaches the biocapacity and the ecological remainder narrows, the likelihood that the country will experience environmental stressor degradation escalates, at least over longer periods of time. In the EF, by comparing the demand with the available supply it is possible to estimate the ecological sustainabil ity of territories or countries. A nations ecological footprint correspond to the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories to produce all the resources it consumes, and to absorb all the waste it generates on a continuous basis, using prevailing technology. Methodology of Footprint Calculation: FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ACCOUNTING Ecological Footprint accounting is based on six fundamental assumptions (Wackernagel et al. 2002): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The majority of the resources people consume and the wastes they generate can be tracked. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most of these resource and waste flows can be measured in terms of the biologically productive area necessary to maintain flows. Resource and waste flows that cannot be measured are excluded from the assessment, leading to a systematic underestimate of humanitys true Ecological Footprint. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By weighting each area in proportion to its bioproductivity, different types of areas can be converted into the common unit of global hectares, hectares with world average bioproductivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Because a single global hectare represents a single use, and all global hectares in any single year represent the same amount of bioproductivity, they can be added up to obtain an aggregate indicator of Ecological Footprint or biocapacity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human demand, expressed as the Ecological Footprint, can be directly compared to natures supply, biocapacity, when both are expressed in global hectares. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Area demanded can exceed area supplied if demand on an ecosystem exceeds that ecosystems regenerative capacity (e.g., humans can temporarily demand more biocapacity from forests, or fisheries, than those ecosystems have available). This situation, where Ecological Footprint exceeds available biocapacity, is known as overshoot (deficit). What does a per person national Footprint actually mean? A per person national Footprint measures the amount of bioproductive space under constant production required to support the average individual of that country. For example, a five-hectare per person Footprint means that an average individual in that country uses all of the services produced in a year by five hectares of world-average productive land. This land does not need to be within the borders of the individuals country as biocapacity is often embodied in goods imported from other countries to meet consumption demands. What is included in the Ecological Footprint? What is excluded? To avoid exaggerating human demand on nature, the Ecological Footprint includes only those aspects of resource consumption and waste production for which the Earth has regenerative capacity, and where data exist that allow this demand to be expressed in terms of productive area. For example, freshwater withdrawal is not included in the Footprint, although the energy used to pump or treat it is. Ecological Footprint accounts provide snapshots of past resource demand and availability. They do not predict the future. Thus, while the Footprint does not estimate future losses caused by present degradation of ecosystems, if persistent this degradation will likely be reflected in future accounts as a loss of biocapacity. Footprint accounts also do not indicate the intensity with which a biologically productive area is being used, nor do they pinpoint specific biodiversity pressures. Finally, the Ecological Footprint is a biophysical measure; it does not evaluate the essential social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Statistical Data: The statistics shown the next page are extracted from ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ATLAS 2009, Published 24th November 2009 by GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK, RESEARCH AND STANDARDS DEPARTMENT, Oakland, California, United States of America Interpretation of Data: As we can see in the tables the Total Ecological Footprint of Iran is 2.66 compared to its Total Biocapacity which is 0.99. It means that for this country the Total Ecological Footprint is roughly 160% more than its Total Biocapacity which is by definition a biological overshoot and can lead to degradation of natural capital or resources. In other words, our demand is much higher than our demand and this can be a warning for us at least in longer periods of time and there should be decisive measures to reduce the factors which contribute to higher Footprints. How to improve the situation: In simple words it can be said that to improve the situation beside any rules or policies which governments can take, all people can take effective steps to reduce their stressors on environment by decreasing their consumption as well as their waste. There are some simple ways suggested by experts: A) Reduce your Carbon Footprint A1) Use cleaner transport * Walk, bike, or take public transit whenever possible. * Avoid allowing your car to idle. If youll be waiting for more than 30 seconds, turn off the engine (except in traffic). And dont take the drive-through-park the car and walk inside instead. * Have your vehicle serviced regularly to keep the emission control systems operating at peak efficiency. Check your cars air filter monthly, and keep the tires adequately inflated to maximize gas mileage. * Avoid short airplane trips-take a bus or train instead. A2) Add energy-saving features to your home * Install compact fluorescent bulbs in all your home light fixtures-but remember, compact fluorescents contain mercury, so look for low-mercury models and be sure to dispose of old bulbs safely through your local hazardous waste program. * Weatherproof your home. Make sure your walls and ceilings are insulated, and consider double-pane windows. Eliminate drafts with caulking, weather strips, and storm windows and doors. * Insulate your water heater. Even better, switch to a tankless water heater, so your water will be heated only as you use it. * Choose energy efficient appliances. A3) Adopt energy-saving habits * Keep thermostat relatively low in winter and ease up on the air conditioning in summer. Clean or replace dirty air conditioner filters as recommended to keep the A/C operating at peak efficiency. * Unplug your electronics when not in use. To make it easier, use a power strip. Even when turned off, items like your television, computer, and cellphone charger still sip power. * Dry your clothes outside whenever possible. * Make minimal use of power equipment when landscaping. * Defrost your refrigerator and freezer regularly. * Choose green electricity. Many utilities give you the option to purchase electricity generated by wind and solar power for a small rate surcharge. * Purchase carbon offsets to make up for the energy use you cant eliminate. B) Reduce your Food Footprint * Eat more local, organic, in-season foods. * Plant a garden-it doesnt get more local than that. * Shop at your local farmers market or natural foods store. Look for local, in-season foods that havent travelled long distances to reach you. * Choose foods with less packaging to reduce waste. * Eat lower on the food chain-going meatless for just one meal a week can make a difference. Globally, it has been estimated that 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions are associated with meat consumption. C) Reduce your Housing Footprint C1) Choose sustainable building materials, furnishings, and cleaning products. * Explore green design features for your building, like passive solar heating, a rainwater catchment or grey water recycling system, and recycled materials. * Choose efficient appliances, including low flow shower heads, faucets, and toilets. * Choose furnishings that are second-hand, recycled, or sustainably produced. * Plant drought tolerant plants in your garden and yard. * Use biodegradable, non-toxic cleaning products. C2) Adopt water-saving habits * Take shorter, less frequent showers-this not only saves water, but the energy necessary to heat it. * Dont use the garbage disposal. Compost instead. * Run the dishwasher and the laundry machine only when full. * Wash cars rarely, or better yet, take them to a carwash. Commercial carwashes use less water per wash than home washers, and they are also required to drain used water into the sewage system, rather than storm drains, which protects aquatic life. * Avoid hosing down or power-washing your deck, walkways, or driveway. * Regularly look for and fix leaks. D) Reduce your Goods and Services Footprint * Buy less! Replace items only when you really need to. * Recycle all your paper, glass, aluminium, and plastic. Dont forget electronics! * Compost food waste for the garden. Garbage that is not contaminated with degradable (biological) waste can be more easily recycled and sorted, and doesnt produce methane gases (a significant greenhouse gas contributor) when stored in a landfill. * Buy recycled products, particularly those labelled post-consumer waste. Glossary Ecological Footprint: A measure of how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices. The Ecological Footprint is usually measured in global hectares. Because trade is global, an individual or countrys Footprint includes land or sea from all over in the world. Ecological Footprint is often referred to in short form as Footprint. Ecological Footprint and Footprint are proper nouns and thus should always be capitalized. Global hectare (gha): A productivity-weighted area used to report both the biocapacity of the Earth, and the demand on biocapacity (the Ecological Footprint). The global hectare is normalized to the area-weighted average productivity of biologically productive land and water in a given year. Because different land types have different productivity, a global hectare of, for example, cropland, would occupy a smaller physical area than the much less biologically productive pasture land, as more pasture would be needed to provide the same biocapacity as one hectare of cropland. Because world bioproductivity varies slightly from year to year, the value of a gha may change slightly from year to year. Overshoot: Global overshoot occurs when humanitys demand on nature exceeds the biospheres supply, or regenerative capacity. Such overshoot leads to a depletion of Earths life-supporting natural capital and a build-up of waste. At the global level, ecological deficit and overshoot are the same, since there is no net-import of resources to the planet. Local overshoot occurs when a local ecosystem is exploited more rapidly than it can renew itself. Land type: The Earths approximately 11.9 billion hectares of biologically productive land and water are categorized into five types of surface area: cropland, grazing land, forest, fishing ground, and built-up land. Also called area type. Ecological deficit/reserve: The difference between the biocapacity and Ecological Footprint of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region or country exceeds the Footprint of its population. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region or country is either importing biocapacity through trade, liquidating its own ecological assets, or emitting wastes into a global commons such as the atmosphere. In contrast, the global ecological deficit cannot be compensated through trade, and is equal to overshoot. Carbon Footprint: When used in Ecological Footprint studies, this term is synonymous with demand on CO2 area. The phrase Carbon Footprint has been picked up in the climate change debate. Several web-calculators use the phrase carbon Footprint. Many just calculate tonnes of carbon, or tonnes of carbon per Euro, rather than demand on bioproductive area. The Ecological Footprint encompasses the carbon Footprint, and captures the extent to which measures for reducing the carbon Footprint lead to increases in other Footprint components. Biological capacity, or biocapacity: The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials generated by humans, using current management schemes and extraction technologies. Useful biological materials are defined as those used by the human economy. Hence what is considered useful can change from year to year (e.g. use of corn (maize) stover for cellulosic ethanol production would result in corn stover becoming a useful material, and thus increase the biocapacity of maize cropland). The biocapacity of an area is calculated by multiplying the actual physical area by the yield factor and the appropriate equivalence factor. Biocapacity is usually expressed in global hectares. Natural capital: Natural capital can be defined as all of the raw materials and natural cycles on Earth. Footprint analysis considers one key component, life-supporting natural capital, or ecological capital for short. This capital is defined as the stock of living ecological assets that yield goods and services on a continuous basis. Main functions include resource production (such as fish, timber or cereals), waste assimilation (such as CO2 absorption or sewage decomposition) and life-support services (such as UV protection, biodiversity, and water cleansing or climate stability). Refrences: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ATLAS 2009, Published 24th November 2009 by GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK, RESEARCH AND STANDARDS DEPARTMENT, Oakland, California, United States of America E C O L O G I C A L E C O N O M I C S 6 6 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 6 2 8 6 3 7, Sustainability of nations by indices: Comparative study between environmental sustainability index, ecological footprint and the energy performance indices http://www.myfootprint.org/en/take_action/reduce_your_footprint/ http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php

Improving Internet Governance Essay -- Internet World Wide Web WWW

Introduction The Internet has become a vital utility allowing for a global exchange of knowledge, communication and commerce. To date, the internet lacks a unified global entity able to provide regulation and enforcement of web related issues. This is a major concern given the internet’s great importance and global influence. The United States should create an international joint body to control and govern the internet. There are several key issues that such a body would need to address. These key issues include; spyware problems, the downside of freedom of speech, illegal file sharing/distribution, regulation of adult material and hacker/terrorists attacks on the internet. Internet governance interests me. I own an internet-based business and have encountered problems with hackers and spyware. My business relies on ecommerce solutions and web- based clients. I’ve been in situations where clients have been unable to access our site due to hacker attacks which have either clogged or compromised our servers. We’ve been left in situations where there’s no authority to turn to for help with such attacks. Internet service providers are limited to dealing with their own clients. They have little to no control over outside attackers. Local police usually have limited knowledge on such incidents and are limited in resources. There’s also a lengthy process involved to process a police report for an internet-based crime. Everything moves in milliseconds on the web. Waiting for a police report to process can allow a hacker to easily escape. The issue of Internet governance is important because of its global impact. The internet is a global medium open to just about anyone. Countries like China have tried to censor websit... ...04): 111-113. Gorski, David. "The Future of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Subpoena Power on the Internet in Light of the Verizon Cases." Review of Litigation Winter 2005: 149-172. Krause, Jason. "BEWARE OF SPYWARE." ABA Journal 91.6 (2005): 59-60. Laqueur , Walter. "Terrorism via the Internet." Futurist March 1997: 64. Martinsons, Maris. "State Censorship of the Internet in China." Communications of the ACM 48.4 (2005): 67. Snow, Tyson. "Adding Marks to the Mix of an Already Muddled Decision Regarding Public Forums and Freedom of Speech on the Internet." BYU Journal of Public Law 19.1 (2004): 299-316. Tepper, Mitch. "Supreme Court strikes down online porn law." Contemporary Sexuality August 2004: 7. M. Rutkowsky. (1999). intgov00.gif. Avaiable at http://ig.cs.tu-berlin.de/oldstatic/bl/049/intgov00.gif

Journal on “The Storm” by Kate Chopin Essay

The storm sets in motion the chain of events that leads to the characters adultery. Do you think the storm excuses the characters in any way from responsibility for their actions?In her short story The Storm, Kate Chopin creates a situation where two people give in to their sexual desire with the help of the outside setting. Although the threatening appearance of the storm does incite the deep rooted emotion; the couple is not excused from their treacherous act since they are well aware of their sin. As the story begins, Bobinot and Bibi are sitting inside of a store watching the approaching storm, worrying about Calixta at home. However at home, Calixta is not aware of the coming downpour or her wicked act about to take place. It is not until it grows dark that she realizes the situation and closes the windows and gathers the laundry. That is when Alcee comes along riding on his horse, which exposes Calixta to a decision: to let this man in for shelter during the storm, or let him drench in the rain. Eventhough Calixta and Alcee were old lovers they are now married to other people. They had not seen each other very often since her marriage, and never alone. Her decision to let the man in is the beginning of the rising storm foretells the events that are to come. Once she chooses to allow him to enter her house, she begins to panic and worry, not only that what she was getting herself into was wrong, but also about her family who was still stuck out in the storm. The storm caused each person to make a quick decision, for Bibi and Bobin the quick decision was where to go once the storm had begun, for Alcee the quick decision to ask his married ex lover for shelter, and Calixta was given the most complex decision, which was whether or not to let Alcee come in. Another factor that attributes to the symbolism in this story is that as the storm grows more intense, so do the actions of Calixta. The fact that at first when she let Alcee in, she was worried for her husband and son only adds to her immorality. She cares about her family, and they worry for her; her marriage may not e perfect but also not a failure. When Calixta and Alcee encounter their betrayal act, it is their sexual desire that drives them, the natural force just like the storm. As more tension in the storm builds up, more tension increases between the two inside the house. The storm does not only destroy the characters property, but it also destroys the trust and faith on which th eir marriages are based on. When they finish, Calixta watched Alcce ride away, He turned and smiled at her with a beaming face; and she lifted her pretty chin in the air and laughed aloud. They do not feel ashamed of their action; they even feel glad with their physical satisfaction. After Bobinot and Bibi come home she is pleased that they return safely but she does not show any regret on what she has done. She appears cheerful and full of energy. Bobinot thought she would be worried because of the storm and had brought her a can of shrimps to make her feel better, however they laughed so much and so loud that anyone might have heard them as far away as Laballieres. Only a liar and betrayer could do such deceitful action and then laugh as if nothing happens. As for Alcee, he comes home and writes his wife a loving letter telling her not to hurry back, and says he misses her and their kid. He also is a liar but in his case, his wife also enjoys being away from him. Since the marriage does not seem to be a success, it is understandable how he would cheat on his wife. But for Calixta, she has a loving husband and a caring son; she could not have committed this crime without shame. In some cases the environment makes extraordinary things happen, whereas in normal circumstances people would not act the same way. However, it is in the human will that they choose to make a decision; it is their heart which is whether weak or strong to refuse a temptation. Unlike the natural forces that are uncontrollable, peoples minds are of their own and thus they should be considerate of their moral and wrong doings. Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Rpt. in Compact Literature ReadingReacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. 2007.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Essay

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was created by the Banking Act of 1933 in response to the banking crisis that faced the nation after the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. Although the FDIC has grown and changed since then, its purpose is still the same – to guarantee the safety of bank deposits up to a certain amount. Until recently, that amount was $100,000 but Congress, in response to the current economic crisis has temporarily increased FDIC deposit insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor through December 31, 2009. (Who, n.d.) All of the banks that are members of the FDIC must adhere to certain liquidity and reserve requirements in order for the banks and their depositors to benefit from the insurance. (Overview, n.d.) If a bank becomes undercapitalized the FDIC issues a warning. If the undercapitalization worsens it can take other corrective measures which may ultimately result in the FDIC taking over management. All of this is meant to sustain the confidence of depositors so that there are no runs on the banks as so often happened in past history. The History of the FDIC To understand the importance of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in today’s economic market one must look to the history that led up to its establishment as part of the Banking Act of 1933. After the crash of the stock market in 1929 the United States fell into the longest economic depression in its history – from 1929 to 1939. Since loans that were made to stock market speculators were not being repaid after the crash, many banks failed and bank panics were commonplace. This led to their depositors’ losing money, which only served to fuel the depression further. The bank failures of the early 1930s were not the first in the history of the United States, but they were the most severe to date. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt saw the need to stem the tide of failures by enacting the Banking Act of 1933. Part of this act established the FDIC, gave it authority to regulate and insure banks, and the act also provided its funding. The purpose of the FDIC was to build the confidence of the American people in their banks and to assure them that their funds would be safe, at least up to a certain amount. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This is still the general purpose of the FDIC, although much has changed since its birth in 1933. According to the FDIC website â€Å"since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost a single cent of insured funds as a result of a failure.† (Who, n.d.) When the FDIC was established in 1933 it was a temporary agency. But just two years later the Banking Act of 1935 made it a permanent agency. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This was the first of many changes and adjustments to the FDIC over the years. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 raised the insured amount to $10,000 and that amount has increased steadily until now, it is $250,000. The 1950 legislation also gave the FDIC â€Å"the authority to lend to any insured bank in danger of closing if the operation of the bank is essential to the local community, and authorized the FDIC to examine national and state member banks for their insurance risk.†Ã‚   (Important, n.d.) In 1989, in response to the savings and loan crisis gripping the nation, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) added two more functions to the FDIC, eliminating the Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC). The FDIC was given the authority to oversee and administer two other insurance funds that replaced the FSLIC – the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) and the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF). (FDIC, n.d.) Still more powers were given to the FDIC by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) of 1991. This act addressed issues that the FIRREA did not, giving the FDIC more authority as well as more obligations. The FDIC continued to grow both in funding and authority until it reached the status that it holds in our economy today. The Structure of the FDIC The FDIC of today is run by a five-member board of directors headed up by Chairman of the Board, Sheila C. Bair who has been in that post since she was sworn in on June 26, 2006. She will serve a five year term and at the expiration of that term, she will remain on the Board of Directors until 2013. Each Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President to serve a five-year term and each appointment is subject to the approval of the US Senate. (Barrymore, n.d.) Since the chairman is appointed by the President, she can also be removed by the President. The other members of the Board are the Vice Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg, Director Thomas J. Curry, Comptroller of the Currency John C. Dugan, and Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision John M. Reich. (Board, n.d.) The Board meets about once a month in either open or closed meetings. The public may attend open meetings as a result of the Government in the Sunshine Act. (FDIC Board Meetings, n.d.) In 2008 there were ten open meetings held. The FDIC has seven divisions. The Division of Finance directs the accounting and auditing aspects; the Division of Information Technology oversees and maintains the computer network of the organization; the Division of Administration provides administrative support; the Division of Supervision and Consumer Protection conducts reviews to assure that each bank is sound and that its internal controls are adequate; the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships goes into action when a bank is in danger of failing; the Legal Division handles the corporations litigation; and the Division of Insurance and Research keeps an eye on the economic health of the nation, examining business activity, markets, etc. (FDIC Divisions, n.d.) To run these seven divisions the FDIC employs about 5,000 people in its Washington, D.C. headquarters as well as in six regional offices and in field offices around the country. (Who, n.d.)